水合|In Depth
How could my child become dehydrated?
The most common cause is an illness during which your child is vomiting or hasdiarrhea。但是，在温暖的月份，如果您的孩子在高温下，在阳光下或高湿度下长时间玩耍而没有喝足够的液体，他或她也处于危险之中。
Are children at greater risk for dehydration than adults?
Yes, they are at greater risk due to the fact that the surface area of a child's body makes up a larger proportion of his or her weight.
This gives him or her more area on which to be exposed to heat and from which to lose sweat.
Also, previous dehydration issues, obesity and a recent illness are additional risk factors.
Children who are in poor physical shape, not used to heat, or using antihistamines or diuretics are also at increased risk for dehydration.
What are the symptoms of dehydration?
When a child is dehydrated, the body is not able to perform all of its necessary functions. The more severe the dehydration, the more difficult it is for the body.
Thirst is frequently the earliest symptom, and can occur with only very mild dehydration.
- 疲劳
- lips
- dark urine color
- 排尿的减少
- feeling of being overheated
许多人不知道这一点，但是脱水是累积的。如果您的孩子在第一天脱水并且无法正确地重新水合，他或她的第二天已经脱水了。这种作用会导致更严重的脱水。
As long as fluids are re-introduced in a timely fashion, this is easily reversible.
What are the other harmful effects of热暴露？
Heat cramps in the abdominal muscles, arms and legs are the least serious effect of prolonged exposure to high environmental temperatures.
耗尽热量更严重，会导致头晕，恶心，headaches, vomiting, weakness, muscle pain and sometimes loss of consciousness.
Heat stroke is the most serious consequence of excessive exposure to high ambient temperatures. The body temperature will be 104 degrees Fahrenheit or higher, and the person may experience nausea, vomiting,seizures，迷失方向或del妄，缺乏出汗和呼吸急促。在某些情况下，他或她可能会失去知觉，甚至陷入昏迷。
是否有可能被过度填充？
Over-hydration, which is called hyponatremia, can occur, but it is not a large risk. With stories of over-hydration related to marathon running in the news, people are so worried about it that they overcompensate in the other direction and don't drink enough. This can lead to dehydration. The key lies in moderation.
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia?
Symptoms of over-hydration are often non-specific. There is even some overlap with symptoms of dehydration.
- Early signs include nausea and general malaise.
- As the condition worsens, altered mental status and excessive vomiting can occur.
- 由于液体过多而导致的血液钠水平降低可能导致脑肿胀，癫痫发作，昏迷和死亡。
如果您认为自己或您的孩子过度填充，请寻求医疗护理。
Who is at risk for hyponatremia?
人喝大量的液体非常frequently during prolonged exercise (about four hours or more) are at greatest risk. Smaller people also appear to be at greater risk of hyponatremia.
低钠血症在年幼的孩子中很少见。参加运动的青少年在夏天经常进行一整天的练习，他们应该小心喝水。今天的教练很清楚过度渗透和脱水问题，并将保持液体摄入量。
How can I prevent over-hydration?
- Drink a few ounces of fluids every hour or so, or when thirsty.
- If you are drinking every 10 minutes, you are probably drinking too much.
- If you're drinking only every few hours, you are at risk for dehydration.
这一切都与节制有关。
While sports drinks contain electrolytes that can help replenish the body's sodium levels, in general, they are not protective against hyponatremia. This is a common misconception that athletes should know.
水合|研究
问题：在他的日常工作中，波士顿儿童医院心血管计划的临床研究员Vassilios Bezzerides MD注意到，通常很难确定患者是否适当水合。测量血液或尿液中的电解质或其他标记可以提供良好的量规，但它们涉及繁琐的样品收集并可能产生错误的警报。有一种快速的无创方法：在指甲上施加轻轻的压力，直到变白为止，然后将手指恢复颜色需要多长时间，表明毛细血管的补充时间。但是该测试是粗略的，其解释高度主观。
创新解决方案：一个深夜，Bezzerides博士正在检查一名熟睡的患者。不想通过打开头顶灯来打扰患者，而是使用三色LED手电筒观察了患者手指的颜色变化。他注意到，手指中的颜色被白光完全洗净了 - 手指似乎消失了，但是随着血液流回毛细血管，慢慢地出现了。
他意识到，构成白色LED的波长之一正在吸收，并且他可能能够使用利用这种现象的床头工具来对毛细血管血进行成像。因此，他制作了一种装置，使患者的手指施加压力，然后从适当的光线中捕获了反射，也许他可以以定量的方式测量毛细血管补充时间，并具有实际的数字读数。
这三个阶段：在施加压力之前和之后。
The arrows indicate emitted light and reflectance based on the pigment in the finger.
在施加压力之前，设备将测量毛细血管饱满时的光反射率。
在压力部位，皮肤有明显的颜色变化，导致发光的光具有不同的反射率模式。
当血液流回毛细血管中时，检测器识别出原始反射率模式的回归，表明毛细血管已用血液补充。
含义：他不仅在设备将应用程序hospital, but also at the bedsides of assisted living patients, and among athletes, who can measure their hydration on the go and optimize fluid intake during rigorous activity. Most important, this test could be used in developing countries with a high incidence of dehydration caused by gastrointestinal infections, especially among children. A hydration device could effectively triage patients, allowing limited staff to focus on those who need immediate attention.
水合|Contact Us
Children's Hospital Primary Care Center
| Location | 地址 | Contact |
| 波士顿 | 波士顿儿童医院 300 Longwood Avenue 波士顿, MA 02215 |
617-355-7701 传真：617-730-0505 |
Injury Prevention Program
| Location | 地址 | Contact |
| 波士顿 | 波士顿儿童医院 300 Longwood Avenue BK 120 波士顿, MA 02215 |
617-919-3071 |